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鋼波紋管涵技術淺析

發表時間(jian)：2016-12-13 15:05
       通常(chang)公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)程中的涵洞都是(shi)由鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)混(hun)凝土(tu)結構通過預(yu)制拼接而成，但(dan)是(shi)由于鋼(gang)(gang)波(bo)紋管涵具(ju)有(you)性能(neng)穩定、安裝方便、有(you)利環(huan)保、造價低等優點，目(mu) 前我國(guo)很多(duo)工(gong)(gong)程里都會用(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)波(bo)紋管涵代替鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)混(hun)凝土(tu)進行涵洞施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，雖然在(zai)公(gong)路施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中采(cai)用(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)波(bo)紋管涵還只有(you)一項新技術，但(dan)是(shi)具(ju)有(you)十分寬廣的發(fa)展(zhan) 前景。
　　1 鋼波紋管涵簡介
　　金屬(shu)(shu)波紋(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵作為一種涵洞(dong)形(xing)式，是由(you)(you)波紋(wen)(wen)狀管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或由(you)(you)波紋(wen)(wen)狀板(ban)通過(guo)連接、拼裝而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。能夠(gou)替代蓋板(ban)涵、圓(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵、拱涵和小橋發揮作用(yong)，是一種 新型的(de)(de)(de)(de)優質(zhi)公路(lu)建材。造成公路(lu)涵洞(dong)破壞的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因有(you)(you)(you)很多種，不均(jun)勻(yun)沉(chen)降(jiang)是一個重(zhong)要原因。金屬(shu)(shu)波紋(wen)(wen)涵管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)有(you)(you)(you)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)、圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)、半(ban)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)等，進出(chu)口也可(ke)按照(zhao) 邊坡比(bi)例做成斜口，加工(gong)(gong)波紋(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)徑范圍準(zhun)0.5～8m，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)壁(bi)厚度為3～8mm，能夠(gou)滿足(zu)填(tian)土0.5m～40m厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要。由(you)(you)于鋼波紋(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)很多的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢，比(bi) 如施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)期短(duan)、工(gong)(gong)程造價低、安裝方便、抗變形(xing)能力強(qiang)、重(zhong)量輕、耐(nai)久性(xing)好、通車(che)后養護成本低等，所以(yi)采用(yong)高強(qiang)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼波紋(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵洞(dong)，不僅可(ke)以(yi)有(you)(you)(you)效 解決由(you)(you)于地基(ji)基(ji)礎不均(jun)勻(yun)沉(chen)降(jiang)導(dao)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)涵洞(dong)破壞問題，還能夠(gou)使金屬(shu)(shu)波紋(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵洞(dong)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)優良的(de)(de)(de)(de)受力特(te)征(zheng)，軸(zhou)向(xiang)和徑向(xiang)同時分(fen)散、補償因荷載(zai)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)力應(ying) 變，把集中在荷載(zai)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)力最(zui)大限度的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)散開，使鋼結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)充分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發揮出(chu)來，特(te)別(bie)是在濕陷性(xing)黃(huang)土高寒凍土、軟土、膨脹土等地帶，具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de) 經濟效益。
　　本文結合陜(shan)西省(sheng)銅川(chuan)市上馬橋重建(jian)工程實例，詳細分析比較鋼波(bo)紋(wen)管涵(han)技術優缺點，以便對類似工程提供(gong)借鑒。
　　2 橋梁概況
　　305省道上(shang)(shang)(shang)馬(ma)(ma)原橋位(wei)于(yu)銅(tong)川市印(yin)臺區廣陽鎮(zhen)上(shang)(shang)(shang)馬(ma)(ma)村，原中心樁號為K32+431.98，橋長32m。上(shang)(shang)(shang)部(bu)結構為1～16m片石混(hun)凝土拱(gong)橋，下部(bu)結構為U型橋 臺，C20片石混(hun)凝土基(ji)礎，為跨(kua)河(he)橋梁，2001年(nian)建(jian)成通車，已安全運營14年(nian)。
　　3 橋梁檢測病害(hai)
　　2012年10月，該(gai)橋(qiao)(qiao)由于地(di)基沉陷，產(chan)生拱腳開(kai)裂(lie)、拱圈橫縫、拱上結(jie)(jie)構(gou)開(kai)裂(lie)、臺身豎向裂(lie)縫、翼墻縱向水(shui)平開(kai)裂(lie)、拱腳滲水(shui)、橋(qiao)(qiao)面局(ju)部拱起、塌 陷、沉降等病害(hai)(hai)。西安公路(lu)研究(jiu)院(yuan)公路(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)試驗檢測中(zhong)心根(gen)據《公路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁技術狀(zhuang)況評定(ding)標準》（JTG/T H21-2011），該(gai)橋(qiao)(qiao)總體技術狀(zhuang)況被評定(ding)為5類(lei) ，屬嚴重危橋(qiao)(qiao)。原(yuan)橋(qiao)(qiao)已(yi)拆除，并修建(jian)了便(bian)道。根(gen)據西安工(gong)程(cheng)勘察(cha)研究(jiu)院(yuan)《S305上馬橋(qiao)(qiao)重建(jian)工(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)災害(hai)(hai)危險(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)評估報告》中(zhong)：本(ben)次(ci)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)災害(hai)(hai)危險(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)綜(zong) 合評估將(jiang)評估區(qu)(qu)劃為地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)災害(hai)(hai)危險(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)大區(qu)(qu)及危險(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)小區(qu)(qu)，現狀(zhuang)條件下，評估地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)災害(hai)(hai)危險(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)小區(qu)(qu)，場地(di)適宜(yi)建(jian)設(she)；危險(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)大區(qu)(qu)，不適宜(yi)建(jian)設(she)，線路(lu)工(gong) 程(cheng)應避開(kai)該(gai)區(qu)(qu)。原(yuan)橋(qiao)(qiao)位為危險(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)大區(qu)(qu)，不適宜(yi)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)。結(jie)(jie)合現場實際(ji)情況，根(gen)據業主提(ti)出(chu)的 “安全、適用(yong)、經濟(ji)、美(mei)觀、環保”的原(yuan)則，分別采 用(yong)三個方案(an)進行比(bi)較。
　　4 方(fang)案設計與比選
　　4.1 方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)設(she)計 ①推(tui)薦方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)為鋼波(bo)紋圓管涵(han)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)。新(xin)修5～4m鋼波(bo)紋圓管涵(han)，用(yong)灰(hui)土(tu)將(jiang)(jiang)原路(lu)(lu)基(ji)填起來，重新(xin)施工路(lu)(lu)面。②比較方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)一(yi)為原位新(xin)建(jian)鋼 筋混凝土(tu)圓管涵(han)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)。新(xin)修5～4m鋼筋混凝土(tu)圓管涵(han)，用(yong)灰(hui)土(tu)將(jiang)(jiang)原路(lu)(lu)基(ji)填起來，重新(xin)施工路(lu)(lu)面。③比較方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)二為改線方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)。根據《S305上馬橋(qiao)重建(jian)工 程地質災害危險性評估報告》，在原橋(qiao)下游350m處安全(quan)區域設(she)置1～20m預應(ying)力簡支箱梁橋(qiao)，兩邊采用(yong)引線與(yu)原路(lu)(lu)基(ji)連接(jie)。
　　4.2 方案比(bi)較 三個(ge)方案對(dui)比(bi)情況(kuang)見(jian)表1。
　　5 鋼波紋圓管涵特點及優勢(shi)
　　經過現場(chang)(chang)踏勘地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)，采用(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)波紋(wen)圓管(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)優點(dian)在于(yu)：①波形(xing)(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板管(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)同時(shi)具有(you)(you)剛性(xing)(xing)和柔性(xing)(xing)，結(jie)構(gou)受力合理。荷載分(fen)布均勻，具有(you)(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)抗變(bian)形(xing)(xing) 能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。國內行(xing)業推薦性(xing)(xing)標(biao)準(zhun)《公路(lu)(lu)(lu)涵(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)設計細則(ze)》4.2.7條明確規定，鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)波紋(wen)管(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)承載力較低(di)，或有(you)(you)較大沉(chen)(chen)降與(yu)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)(lu)基(ji)。②拼裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)波紋(wen) 管(guan)(guan)適應(ying)(ying)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力強，對地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)承載能(neng)(neng)(neng)力、平整(zheng)度要(yao)求(qiu)較低(di)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實際(ji)造價比同類跨徑(jing)的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)、涵(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)相近或較低(di)。③施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)短是最(zui)明顯的(de)(de)(de)優勢，土(tu)(tu)(tu)建(jian) 工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)管(guan)(guan)節(jie)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)可分(fen)開(kai)實施(shi)(shi)，然后(hou)(hou)進行(xing)整(zheng)體拼裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。④管(guan)(guan)壁薄(bo)，重量(liang)輕，便于(yu)運(yun)輸存放。標(biao)準(zhun)化設計，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠規模化生產，生產周(zhou)期(qi)短，效(xiao)率高，有(you)(you)利(li)(li)于(yu) 降低(di)成本(ben)，提(ti)高質(zhi)量(liang)。⑤現場(chang)(chang)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)方(fang)(fang)便，不(bu)需使(shi)用(yong)(yong)大型(xing)設備(bei)。⑥一年四(si)季均可施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)受季節(jie)影(ying)響，不(bu)受環境影(ying)響。能(neng)(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)效(xiao)解決(jue)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)寒冷地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)因(yin) 反復(fu)凍(dong)(dong)脹(zhang)對混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)橋(qiao)涵(han)(han)破壞問題。特別適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)長(chang)年凍(dong)(dong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、膨脹(zhang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、軟土(tu)(tu)(tu)、濕陷(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)黃(huang)(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)等(deng)(deng)特殊地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)，可避免地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)造成的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)均勻沉(chen)(chen)降對涵(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)破壞。 ⑦減少水(shui)泥、沙子、石子等(deng)(deng)常規建(jian)材的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，環保(bao)意義深遠。⑧后(hou)(hou)期(qi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量(liang)小(xiao)，養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)成本(ben)低(di)。⑨有(you)(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)改(gai)善軟土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)結(jie)構(gou)物與(yu)路(lu)(lu)(lu)堤交界(jie)處的(de)(de)(de)“錯 臺(tai)”現象(xiang)，不(bu)僅可以減少工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)(hou)營運(yun)、養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)成本(ben)，還(huan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)有(you)(you)效(xiao)提(ti)高行(xing)車的(de)(de)(de)舒適度與(yu)安(an)全性(xing)(xing)。⑩拼裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)波紋(wen)管(guan)(guan)具有(you)(you)卓越的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)(lu)用(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，不(bu)僅對地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)低(di)，能(neng)(neng)(neng) 有(you)(you)效(xiao)縮短工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)，還(huan)具有(you)(you)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)簡單(dan)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)快(kuai)速(su)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)，比普通(tong)涵(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)具有(you)(you)更多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)優勢，在公路(lu)(lu)(lu)新改(gai)建(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)、路(lu)(lu)(lu)基(ji)養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中將(jiang)發揮積(ji)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。{11}在 設計中不(bu)僅要(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)特征，如地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)、重要(yao)性(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)度、公路(lu)(lu)(lu)等(deng)(deng)級、不(bu)良(liang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)等(deng)(deng)，也應(ying)(ying)該考(kao)慮(lv)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)條件(jian)和養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)條件(jian)。下(xia)列地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)宜優先考(kao)慮(lv) 鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板波紋(wen)管(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)：1）缺乏人力資源或高危險(xian)、高原缺氧地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)等(deng)(deng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。2）不(bu)良(liang)巖土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)的(de)(de)(de)涵(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)，包括多(duo)(duo)年凍(dong)(dong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、膨脹(zhang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、軟土(tu)(tu)(tu)、濕陷(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)黃(huang)(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)等(deng)(deng)。3） 為加快(kuai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度、達到快(kuai)速(su)通(tong)車目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)急搶險(xian)、救災等(deng)(deng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。4）砂石資源缺乏地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)，及(ji)水(shui)泥、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)材等(deng)(deng)運(yun)距較遠的(de)(de)(de)邊遠地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。